Temperature affects not only the viscosity, but also interfacial tension in the case of non-ionic surfactants or more generally interactions forces inside the system. Thermal methods are the most commonly used and consists in increasing temperature to accelerate destabilisation (below critical temperatures of phase and degradation). The kinetic process of destabilisation can be rather long (up to several months or even years for some products) and it is often required for the formulator to use further accelerating methods in order to reach reasonable development time for new product design. This parameter indicates the magnitude of interparticle electrostatic repulsion and is commonly analyzed to determine how the use of adsorbates and pH modification affect particle repulsion and suspension stabilization or destabilization.Īccelerating methods for shelf life prediction Of primary importance in the analysis of stability in particle suspensions is the value of the zeta potential exhibited by suspended solids. Therefore, local changes in concentration ( sedimentation) and global changes in size ( flocculation, aggregation) are detected and monitored. The backscattering intensity is directly proportional to the size and volume fraction of the dispersed phase.
When light is sent through the sample, it is back scattered by the particles. It works on concentrated dispersions without dilution.
Multiple light scattering coupled with vertical scanning is the most widely used technique to monitor the dispersion state of a product, hence identifying and quantifying destabilization phenomena. "Dispersion stability refers to the ability of a dispersion to resist change in its properties over time." ĭispersion of solid particles in a liquid. This time span needs to be measured in order to provide accurate information to the consumer and ensure the best product quality. Suspensions are unstable from a thermodynamic point of view but can be kinetically stable over a longer period of time, which in turn can determine a suspension's shelf life. In modern chemical process industries, high-shear mixing technology has been used to create many novel suspensions. Suspensions are classified on the basis of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium, where the former is essentially solid while the latter may either be a solid, a liquid, or a gas. In the atmosphere, the suspended particles are called particulates and consist of fine dust and soot particles, sea salt, biogenic and volcanogenic sulfates, nitrates, and cloud droplets. Colloids and suspensions are different from solution, in which the dissolved substance (solute) does not exist as a solid, and solvent and solute are homogeneously mixed.Ī suspension of liquid droplets or fine solid particles in a gas is called an aerosol. This distinguishes a suspension from a colloid, in which the colloid particles are smaller and do not settle. The suspended particles are visible under a microscope and will settle over time if left undisturbed.
The internal phase (solid) is dispersed throughout the external phase (fluid) through mechanical agitation, with the use of certain excipients or suspending agents.Īn example of a suspension would be sand in water. 3 Accelerating methods for shelf life predictionĪ suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve, but get suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium.2 Technique monitoring physical stability.
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